Menstruasi adalah salah satu kelebihan wanita yang dapat memberikan keuntungan dan kerugian sekaligus. Menguntungkan, karena jika kita mampu berovulasi, artinya kita bisa hamil dan memiliki anak. Tidak menguntungkan, karena banyak dari kita yang harus mengalami rasa sakit atau mood yang naik-turun, yang sering kita sebut sebagai pre-menstrual syndrome atau PMS.
Menstruasi yang teratur merupakan tanda keseimbangan hormon, dengan asumsi bahwa kita tidak sedang hamil, menyusui, atau menopause. Masa menstruasi yang teratur menunjukkan bahwa kita berada dalam minggu(disebut Venus Week) untuk persiapan menghadapi ovulasi. Hormon yang dimulai begitu mens hari pertama berlangsung membantu kita berada dalam kondisi terbaik. Pada hari ketiga atau keempat menstruasi, kondisi kita makin membaik.
Sayangnya, tidak semua wanita dapat merasakan menstruasi yang teratur. Ada yang haidnya datang tidak menentu, atau merasakan sakit yang begitu hebat. Bahkan jika mens kita teratur, namun darah keluar dalam jumlah berlebihan, juga merupakan tanda bahwa kita memiliki masalah menstruasi. Berbagai masalah seputar menstruasi ini jika dibiarkan dapat memengaruhi tingkat kesuburan kita.
Pada dasarnya, ada empat jenis problem menstruasi yang kerap terjadi pada wanita:
1. Menstruasi yang menyakitkan atau dysmenorrhea.“Dysmenorrhea pertama dihubungkan dengan naiknya kadar kimia alami di dalam tubuh saat ovulasi, yang menyebabkan rasa sakit," tulis Mary Jane Minkin, MD, dalam Women’s Health for Life. “Dysmenorrheakedua merupakan tanda suatu kelainan mendasar." Dysmenorrhea kedua ini memengaruhi wanita yang belum pernah menstruasi sebelumnya.
Kelainan reproduksi, endometriosis, atau fibroids dapat menimbulkan menstruasi dengan rasa sakit, dan satu-satunya cara untuk mengetahui penyebabnya secara pasti adalah dengan memeriksakannya ke dokter. Gejala dysmenorrhea termasuk rasa sakit pada punggung bagian bawah atau kaki, kram perut, atau sakit pada tulang panggul. Problem menstruasi ini dapat menunjukkan ketidaksuburan. Jadi semakin cepat Anda mengetahuinya, semakin baik.
2. Menstruasi yang sangat hebat, atau menorrhagia.Ketidakseimbangan hormon atau kelainan rahim dapat menyebabkan volume darah menstruasi yang sangat tinggi, namun Dr Minkinmengatakan bahwa penyebabnya tidak selalu jelas. Jika Anda haid selama tujuh hari atau lebih, dan darah yang keluar tidak tertampung lagi oleh pembalut, maka kemungkinan Anda menderita menorrhagia. Darah yang menggumpal juga sebenarnya normal, namun gumpalan darah dalam jumlah besar merupakan tanda heavy periods.
Menorrhagia menyebabkan anemia, jadi pastikan Anda mengonsumsi cukup banyak zat besi. Daging yang tidak berlemak, sayuran hijau, sereal, oatmeal, kacang kedelai rebus, dan kacang-kacangan lain, merupakansumber zat besi yang baik. Anda mungkin membutuhkan obat-obatan dari dokter untuk mengatasi menstruasi yang berlebihan atau anemia, namun pastikan bahwa dokter tahu jika misalnya Anda sedang berusaha hamil.
3. Menstruasi tidak teratur, atau oligomenorrhea. Menstruasi yang tidak dapat diprediksi datangnya termasuk normal, namun bila hal ini terjadi pada tahun pertama Anda mengalami menstruasi dan saat perimenopause (tahun-tahun menjelang menopause). Ketidakseimbangan hormon atau kelainan juga menyebabkan haid tidak teratur, yang dapat memengaruhi tingkat kesuburan dan kesempatan Anda untuk mendapatkan bayi. Dr Minkin menyarankan untuk mencatat siklus haid untuk melihat apakah ketidakteraturan tersebut masih tergolong normal, karena apa yang normal untuk satu orang belum tentu normal untuk yang lain. "Untungnya, kebanyakan problem menstruasi adalah masalah kecil, dan dapat dirawat," jelasnya.
4. Tidak mengalami menstruasi atau amenorrhea. Jika Anda tidak haid selama tiga bulan, kemungkinan Anda sedang hamil. Namun penyebab lainnya bisa juga karena Anda mengalami amenorrhea, perimenopause, atau menopause. "Penyebab paling umum dari absennya menstruasi adalah kehamilan," jelas Dr Minkin. “Amenorrhea juga merupakan efek samping dari penyakit, stres, latihan terlalu berat, atau turunnya berat badan yang terlalu banyak."
Jadi jika Anda tidak mens, artinya Anda tidak berovulasi, atau melepas sel telur setiap bulan. Jika Anda tidak berovulasi, maka Anda juga akan kesulitan hamil. Konsultasikan dengan dokter untuk mendapatkan diagnosa dan perawatan amenorrhea. Hindari diet dan latihan yang terlalu ketat.
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